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target="_blank">陰離子聚丙烯酰胺</a></strong>的酸性水解反應(yīng)：酸可以強(qiáng)化聚丙烯酰胺的水解，但酸性條件下聚丙烯酰胺的水解速率較堿性水解慢很多，故常需在較高溫度下進(jìn)行。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　酸性條件下，水與質(zhì)子化的酰氨羰基發(fā)生親核加成，之后消去氨（NH3），丙烯酰胺結(jié)構(gòu)單元水解為丙烯酸結(jié)構(gòu)單元。在偏酸性條件下聚丙烯酰胺的水解，水解速率隨溫度升高和PH降低而加快。隨著水解進(jìn)行，其水溶液的黏度和PH值都會發(fā)生變化。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　在反應(yīng)液的PH＜8而無緩沖劑時(shí)，水解產(chǎn)生的氨會使溶液的PH值升高，黏度增加。但光散射線數(shù)據(jù)研究表明，在水解過程中PAM鏈長基本保持不變。因此黏度的變化起因于水解引起的PAM鏈構(gòu)象變化。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　陰離子聚丙烯酰胺的酸性水解表現(xiàn)出顯著的臨基催化效應(yīng)，即水解后生成的羧基對臨位酰氨基的水解產(chǎn)生加速作用。這導(dǎo)致酸性水解的速率隨水解度的增加而加速。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸的共聚物或水解聚丙烯酰胺的水解速率明顯快于丙烯酰胺均聚物。由于這種鄰基催化作用，當(dāng)水解度較低時(shí)，水解產(chǎn)物傾向于形成嵌段型結(jié)構(gòu)。在強(qiáng)反應(yīng)條件下，酰胺基則可以全部水解為羧酸基。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　陰離子聚丙烯酰胺酸性水解時(shí)，除AM結(jié)構(gòu)單元水解生成羧基外，還易發(fā)生酰亞胺化反應(yīng)。此反應(yīng)隨戒指酸度提高而加劇，甚至成為酸性條件下的主要反應(yīng)。如在PH為4、40℃下反應(yīng)3天產(chǎn)生10%的酰亞胺基團(tuán)，而在較高溫度和較強(qiáng)酸性下反應(yīng)6小時(shí)即可生成10%的酰亞胺，反應(yīng)24小時(shí)則出現(xiàn)沉淀。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　生成的酰亞胺結(jié)構(gòu)在酸性介質(zhì)中具有較高的穩(wěn)定性，在較高溫度下也不易水解；酰亞胺基團(tuán)在中性及弱堿性條件下仍具有一定的穩(wěn)定性，但在較高溫度下或強(qiáng)堿作用下，則發(fā)生快速水解，生成羧基及酰氨基。</div><div>　　</div><div>　　當(dāng)酰亞胺化發(fā)生在分子間時(shí)，將導(dǎo)致聚合物的溶解性變差，甚至生成交聯(lián)的凝膠，因而較少采用酸性條件制備水解PAM。但是酸性介質(zhì)對PAM結(jié)構(gòu)變化的影響在PAM應(yīng)用中卻不可忽視，陰離子聚丙烯酰胺、聚合氯化鋁、聚合氯化鋁鐵等水處理材料。</div></div> 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